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Coagulation is growth by collision and merger
Statistical approach to inelastic collisions
Fragmentation algorithm for collision outcomes
Fokker-Planck approach to elastic collisions
Coagulation codes have several advantages
Essential for 1015 or more planetesimals
Calculate evolution of small planets accurately
Calculate collisional cascade
Coagulation codes also have some disadvantages
Fail when most of the mass in a few large objects
Cannot predict final mass of planet
Cannot model formation of gas giant planets
Multiannulus particle-in-a-box method
Treats planetesimals as statistical ensemble
Particles in all annuli interact
Fragmentation + Gas drag + Poynting-Robertson drag
Code is parallel to run on modern supercomputer
We also calculate the evolution of dust grains
Separate treatment of small particles
Synthesize luminosity evolution and model images
We have extensively tested the code
Code reproduces previous published results
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We used the bybrid code to calculate the formation
of Earth-like planets.
Learn more ...
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