Estimates of the Hubble Constant Last Updated October 7, 2010, J. Huchra
Ho errors Date Type Source (Date = preprint or pub or appearance at conference)
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55 +5 -5 1996.07 OS Sandage, A. 1996, AJ 111, 18. M31+M101 look alikes.
55 +10 -10 1996.10 AS Tammann, G., Labhardt, L., Federspiel, M.
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76 +8 -8 1996.15 O Zasov 1996, AstronLett 22, 71 Theory, Disk Stability
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57 +4 -4 1996.333 S Schaefer, B. 1996, AJ 111, 1668 SN1937C
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70 +5 -5 1996.377 R Giovanelli, R. 1997, in in CDS, Livio \etal eds (Cambridge: Cambridge) p113
60 +3 -3 1996.379 SS Saha, A. 1997, in CDS, Livio \etal eds (Cambridge: Cambridge) p128
54 +4 -4 1996.381 SS Tammann, G. \& Federspeil, M. 1997, in CDS, Livio \etal eds (Cambridge: Cambridge) p137.
73 +10 -10 1996.383 TK Mould \etal 1997, in CDS, Livio \etal eds (Cambridge: Cambridge) p7158
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55 +10 -10 1996.50 AS Tammann, G. 1996, Rev Mod Astr 9, 139.
68 +7 -7 1996.53 S Ruiz La Puente, P. 1996, ApJ 465 83. % SnI Theory
56 +3 -3 1996.554 SS Saha, A. \etal 1996, ApJ 466, 55. N4536.
73 +7 -7 1996.58 2 Eastman, R., Schmidt, B. \& Kirshner, R. 1996, ApJ 466, 911. % SnII
69 +8 -8 1996.667 A Amendola A&A 312,353. % summary
72 +10 -12 1996.68 G Forbes, D. AJ 112, 954. % GCLF N4365
57 +5 -5 1996.78 S Branch, D. \etal 1996, ApJ 470, 7. % SnI
63 +12 -12 1996.84 L Kundic, Turner \etal 0957 G Lens
51 +14 -13 1996.89 L Keeton and Kochanek, Astroph199611216v2 PG1115+080
58 +9 -9 1996.91 O Sofue \etal 191996, PASJ 48, 657 (CO TF relation)
55 +5 -5 1996.92 SS Sandage, A. \& Tammann, G. in {\it Critical Dialogues in Cosmology}, N. Turok, ed (Singapore: World Scientific) p., Astroph199611170
73 +10 -10 1996.92 AK Freedman. W. 1997, in {\it Critical Dialogues in Cosmology}, N. Turok, ed (Singapore: World Scientific) p92., Astroph199612024
63 +3 -3 1996.92 S Hamuy, M. \etal 1996, AJ 112, 2398. SnI
65 +8 -8 1996.93 GK Forbes, D., Brodie, J. \& Huchra, J. 1996, AJ 112, 2448, GCLF N5846
55 +10 -10 1996.93 AS Tammann, G. 1996, PASP 108, 1083. A Discourse.
72 +6 -9 1996.94 AV Van den Bergh, S. 1996, PASP 108, 1091
70 +10 -10 1996.95 Z Kobayashi \etal PASJ 48, L107 SZ- Summary
98 +12 -11 1996.96 L Grogin, N. \& Narayan, R. 1996, ApJ 473, 570 (0957+561 erratum)
72 +12 -12 1996.97 H Malhotra, Spergel and Rhodes ApJ 473, 687
58 +7 -8 1996.98 SS Saha, A. \etal 1996, ApJ 486, 1, 1997. N4639 SnI
55 +10 -10 1997.00 AS Sandage \& Tammann 1997, Critical Dialogues in Cosmology, N Turok, ed (Singapore: World Scientific) p130.
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70 +7 -7 1997.02 D Hjorth & Tanvir , N.1997, ApJ 482, 68. Astroph9701025
67 +8 -8 1997.02 D Hjorth & Tanvir 1997, ApJ 482, 68. Astroph9701025
68 +6 -6 1997.03 G Baum, W. \etal AJ in press GCLF to Coma (also BAAS28, 1288)
73 +8 -8 1997.04 TK Madore \etal Fornax BAAS 28 1420
67 +9 -9 1997.05 S Hoeflich, P. \etal SnI Theory BAAS 189 451
64 +20 -22 1997.06 L Schechter, P. \etal Grav lens 1997 ApJ 475, 85 1115+080
81 +6 -6 1997.08 F Tonry, J. \etal SBF 1997 ApJ 475 399
80 +8 -9 1997.09 SV vandenBergh, S. 1997, in {\it The Evolution of the Universe}, G. B\"orner \& S. Gottl\"ober, eds. (New York: Wiley) pg 35.
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82 +10 -10 1997.11 B Yasuda, Fukugita & Okamura BTF in Virgo ApJS 108, 417
68 +8 -8 1997.13 T Shanks, T. preprint
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75 +6 -6 1997.18 D Gregg, M. 1997, New Astron 1, 363. Astroph 9703031 Leo/Coma Fund Plane
69 +8 -8 1997.19 A Kochanek, C. Astroph 9703059 SnI + new Cephs
74 +14 -14 1997.21 rK Sakai, S. \etal 1997, ApJ 478, 49 Leo RGB
68 +3 -3 1997.225 SI Kirshner, R. 1997, Irvine PNAS SN I and II
70 +10 -10 1997.230 AKI Freedman, W. 1997, Irvine PNAS Summary, Ho Key Project Team
67 +3 -3 1997.235 CI Bond, R. 1997, Irvine CMB Spectrum
65 +10 -10 1997.240 LI Narayan, R. 1997, Irvine PNAS Lenses
60 +10 -10 1997.245 ZI Carlstrom, J. 1997, Irvine PNAS SZ
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53 +5 -5 1997.50 B Theureau, G. \etal 1997, A\&A 322, 730. via magnitudes
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56 +7 -7 1997.750 SS Sandage & Tammann, Hipparcos+SnI preprint
57 +5 -5 1997.8 B Theureau, G. \etal 1997, in IAU Symp 183.
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42 +12 -9 1998.14 Z Grainge, K. 1998, in Observational Cosmology with New Radio Surveys, Bremer \etal eds (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 83. SZ to A2218 and A1413
62 +7 -7 1998.16 L Wambsganss, J. 1998, in Observational Cosmology with New Radio Surveys, Bremer \etal eds (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 317. SZ to A2218 and A1413
72 +12 -12 1998.2 TK Madore \etal 1998, ApJ in press Implications paper.
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57 +7 -7 1998.169 BS Federspiel, Tammann & Sandage ApJ 495, 115 Virgo Distance from 21-cm Linewidths
60 +11 -11 1998.194 O Salaris \& Cassisi MNRAS 298, 166. Astroph9803103 Red Giant Tip Calibration
56 +3 -3 1998.200 B Theureau, G. 1998, A\&A 331, 1. B Band TF HST Cal
51 +4 -4 1998.200 B Theureau, G. 1998, A\&A 331, 1. B Band TF Hipparcos Cal
57 +8 -8 1998.212 O Narasimha & Mazumdar Astroph9803195 Ceph to M100 + Virgo z
58 +19 -18 1998.214 L Impey \etal Astroph9803207 Lens PG1115+080
70 +10 -10 1998.220 Z Cen, R. ApJL 498, L99. Astroph9803250 SZ summary
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61 +13 -15 1998.90 L Romanowsky \& Kochanek 1998, Astroph9805080. Revised number 0957+561
68 +5 -5 1998.37 A Nevalainen & Roos, M. 1998, Preprint. A&A in press. Astroph9805136
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69 +13 -19 1999.253 L Biggs, A., Browne, I., Helbig, P., Koopmans, L. Wilkinson, P. \& Perley, R. 1999, MNRAS 304, 349. B0218+357 time delay
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Types of Estimates:
S = SnI 2 = SnII G = GCLF L = Lens r = Red Giants
B = BTF R = ITF,RTF H = IRTF F = Fluctuations D = Dn-Sig/Fund Plane
A = Global Summary Z = Sunyaev-Zeldovich T = TF
O = Other N = Novae P = PNLF C = CMB Fit
Secondary Types:
C = Cosmology dependent
M = Theory with assumed Omega
K = Key Project or Key Project team member
S = Sandage and/or Tammann
V = deVaucouleurs or van den Bergh
I = results presented at Irvine conf
This file contains data and references on the determination of the extragalactic
distance scale. Its primary use is to make plots of H versus t, but the
references herein also tell the rather interesting story, dating back to
the early 20th century, of our attempts to understand cosmological models
and the age and fate of the Universe. Note that the earliest attempts
to relate velocity and distance were primarily made to determine the
local standard of rest of the MW --- our motion w.r.t. other nearby things,
most notably galaxies (eg. Paddock and Wirtz). This was followed by
Lundmarks and others attempts to calibrate the square-law relation predicted
by one of the deSitter models (see Lundmark, Silberstein etc.) It wasn't
until Lemaitre's work that the linear law was expected, and Lemaitre himself
was one of the first people to try to find a velocity-distance relation
using Hubble's new measurements of galaxy distances (Lemaitre 1927). Its
interesting to note that if Lundmark had derived a linear relation from
the distances he himself most believed he would have gotten a number very
close to today's values!
The astronomical world was sold on the velocity-distance relation by
Hubble's 1929 paper and subsequent work by Hubble and Humason, although
there were several dissenters. Major revisions came in the 1950's
and early 60's when it was realized that Hubble's Cepheid calibration was
incorrect and that he had also assumed that the brightest objects in more
distance galaxies were individual stars when they really were star
clusters. By 1960, the stage was set for the Sandage \etal versus
deVaucouleurs \etal debate on the long versus short distance scale ---
H ~ 50 km/s/mpc versys H ~ 100 km/s/Mpc.
Since the completion of the HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale,
which measured Cepheid based relative distances to two dozen nearby spiral
galaxies, the local value of H0 is now thought to be know to 10-15% (one sigma).
The current best value from the KP is 72+/-7 km/s/Mpc, with possibly optimistic
estimates for the systematic errors such as the distance of the Large Magellanic
Cloud. Global values from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich studies and from strong
gravitational lensing studies (time-delays, mass models) overlap this estimate
but generally are smaller (low to mid 60's in km/s/Mpc). A number like
70 +/- 10 km/s/Mpc overlaps almost all current estimates and is probably
the best estimate to use until the next generation of results is available.
The local debate now focuses on three or four main systematic sources of
error:
1. The zero point of the Cepheid period-luminosity relation as determined from
the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).
2. The effect of varying chemical composition (metallicity/abundance) on that
zero point and on distances derived assuming no offset between the LMC
and galaxies of differing mean metallicity.
3. The effects of crowding (confusion) on the determination of Cepheid
distances to the more distant galaxies.
4. Reddening (extinction), usually internal reddening in the galaxy measured.
These effects are being worked on by a variety of teams using multiple techniques,
such as the determination of a zero point for the Cepheids in the Milky Way using
parallaxes (e.g. Hiparchos and the future missions FAME, SIM and GAIA). Only
time will tell!
In this listing, dates are publication date of paper, appearance date of
preprint in Astroph, or date of talk at (e.g.) AAS meeting. Sometimes slight
offsets have been added to the dates so as to not overplot points. Note that
the file is split into very recent versus historical estimates. We have endeavored
to make sure this table of estimates is complete, but we can make no
promise that it is. Note also that many papers quote multiple values for H0
and multiple estimates of the errors for their estimates. We use external
errors when available, otherwise the errors quoted by the authors appropriately
rounded if they give values in fractional km/s. If any reader knows of additional
published estimates or estimates in retrievable abstracts, please let us know
(see below) and we will update the file appropriately.
================================================================================
Not in Plot (no errors or not yet released or estimates of upper and/or lower
limits )
80 1996.75 G Forbes AJ 112, 1409 GCLF Coma I Cloud
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=========================================
For old estimates (pre 1996) if + or - missing, error was assumed to be 10%
Etc. = Supporting Papers in series. Other reviews, Other methods
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110 1999.407 Patel \etal 46.07 June 99 AAS Meeting
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LMC Distances (partial)
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ISBN 1-85233-106-2
If you know of a missing reference, please let me know (huchra@cfa.harvard.edu).
I've made a significant attempt to collect papers using the ADS, various
reviews and reviewers, and personal knowledge, but undoubtedly some
important references have been missed. We would like to acknowledge
many people for additions and corrections including Susan Cartwright
and Nick Allen.
This file copyright by John Huchra at the Harvard-Smihtsonian Center for
Astrophysics. It was assembled as part of the NASA/HST Key Project on
the Extragalactic Distance Scale. If you use it or any derivative, please
reference the author and the Key Project. Thank you!
Sincerely,
John Huchra
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
huchra@cfa.harvard.edu
March 14, 2007