Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
N₂ References

The following references address the N₂ photoabsorption spectrum from 80 to 100nm. The reference list is divided into four categories: f-values, line widths, other spectroscopy (primarily line positions, term values, and spectroscopic analyses), and astrophysical and atmospheric applications. Articles addressing electron excitation are included, but the listing is far from comprehensive. Please bring other relevant articles to the attention of Glenn Stark (gstark@wellesley.edu) for inclusion in this list.

I. f-values

Lawrence, G. M., Mickey, D. L. & Dressler, K., "Absolute Oscillator Strengths of the Strongest Bands within the Dipole-Allowed Absorption Spectrum of Nitrogen", J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1989 (1968).

(h) Geiger, J. & Schröder, B., "Intensity Perturbations Due to Configuration Interaction Observed in the Electron Energy-Loss Spectrum of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 50, 7 (1969).

(g) Carter, V. L., "High-resolution N₂ Absorption Study from 730 to 980 Å", J. Chem. Phys. 56, 4195 (1972).

Gurtler, P., Saile, V., & Koch, E. E., "High resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen in the vacuum ultraviolet", Chem. Phys. Lett. 48, 245 (1977).

(i) Stahel, D., Leoni, M., & Dressler, K., "Nonadiabatic representations of the ¹S_u⁺ and ¹P_u states of the N₂ molecule", J. Chem. Phys. 79, 2541 (1983).

(e) Ajello, J. M., James, G. K., & Franklin, B. O., "Medium resolution studies of extreme ultraviolet emission from N₂ by electron impact: Vibrational perturbations and cross sections of the c₄' ¹S_u⁺ and b' ¹S_u⁺ states", Phys. Rev. A 40, 3524 (1989)

(f) James, G. K., Ajello, J. M., Franklin, B., & Shemansky, D. E., "Medium resolution studies of extreme ultraviolet emission from N₂ by electron impact: the effect of predissociation on the emission cross section of the b ¹P_u state", J. Phys. B 23, 2055 (1990).

Ratliff, J. M., James, G. K., Trajmar, S., Ajello, J. M., & Shemansky, D. E., "Electron-impact excitation and dissociation of N₂ via the b ¹P_u state", J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17559 (1991).

(a) Stark, G., Smith, P. L., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Stevens, M. H., & Ito, K., "Absorption band oscillator strengths of N₂ transitions between 95.8 and 99.4 nm", J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4809 (1992).

(d) Chan, W. F., Cooper, G., Sodhi, R. N. S., & Brion, C. E., "Absolute optical oscillator strengths for discrete and continuum photoabsorption of molecular nitrogen", Chem. Phys. 170, 81 (1993).

Morgan, H. D., Seyoum, H. M., Fortna, J. D. E., Humm, D. C., Asfaw, A., & Cleary, D. D., "Total photoabsorption cross section of molecular nitrogen near 83.4 nm", J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7799 (1993).

Edwards, S. A., Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., & Rostas, F., "Modelling the VUV emission spectrum of N₂: preliminary results on the effects of rotational interactions on line intensities", Planet. Space Sci. 43, 67 (1995).

(j) Stark, G., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Chan, M. C., Matsui, T., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., "Line oscillator strength measurements in the 0-0 band of the c₄' ¹S_u⁺ - X ¹S_g⁺ transition of N₂", Astrophys. J. 531, 321 (2000).

(b) Stark, G., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., unpublished 295 K f-value measurements at the Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan. Instrumental resolution = 0.006 Å. Data analysis in progress (2001).

(c) Huber, K. P., Stark, G., Beaty, L. M., Hinnen, P. C., Ito, K., & Matsui, T., unpublished supersonic jet (20 K) f-value measurements at the Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan. Instrument resolution = 0.008 . Data analysis in progress (2001).

II. Line Widths

Leoni, M. & Dressler, K., "Predissociation Probabilities and Determination of a Repulsive Potential in the N₂ Molecule", J. Appl. Math. Phys. 22, 794 (1971).

Oertel, H., Kratzat, M., Imschweiler, J. & Noll, T., "Fluorescence from ¹P_u and ¹S_u⁺ states of molecular nitrogen excited with synchrotron radiation between 12.4 and 18.8 eV", Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 552 (1981).

Ubachs, W., Tashiro, L., & Zare, R. N., "Study of the N₂ b ¹P_u state via 1+1 multiphoton ionization", Chem. Phys. 130, 1 (1989).

Kam, A. W., Lawall, J. R., Lindsay, M. D., Pipkin, F. M., Short, R. C., & Zhao, P., "Precise spectroscopy and lifetime measurement of electron-impacted-excited N₂: The c4' ¹S_u⁺ (v = 3) Rydberg level", Phys. Rev. A 40, 1279 (1989).

Helm, H. & Cosby, P. C., "Product branching in predissociation of the e ¹P_u, e' ¹S_u⁺, and b' ¹S_u⁺ states of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4208 (1989).

Ubachs, W., Eikema, K. S. F., & Hogervorst, W., "Narrow-Band Extreme-Ultraviolet Laser Radiation Tunable in the Range 90.5-95 nm", Appl. Phys. B 57, 411 (1993).

Helm, H., Hazell, I., & Bjerre, N., "Lifetimes and Rydberg-valence state mixing of the c' ¹S_u⁺ (v=4) and c ¹P_u (v=4) states of N₂", Phys. Rev. A 48, 2762 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., "N(⁴S⁰), N(²D⁰), and N(²P⁰) yields in predissociation of excited singlet states of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3553 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., "Predissociation quantum yields of singlet nitrogen", Phys. Rev. A 50, 2930 (1994).

Shemansky, D. E., Kanik, I. & Ajello, J. M., "Fine-structure branching in N₂ c₄' ¹S_u⁺ (0)", Astrophys. J. 452, 480 (1995).

Buijsse, B. & van der Zande, W. J., "Measurement of the Lifetime of Predissociative Diatomic Molecules", Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4558 (1997).

Buijsse, B. & van Der Zande, W. J., "Photo-predissociation of the N₂ (e ¹P_u) state in the presence of a magnetic field", Faraday Disc. 108, 271 (1997).

Ubachs, W., "Predissociative decay of the c₄' ¹S_u⁺ , v=0 state of N₂", Chem. Phys. Lett. 268, 201 (1997).

Ajello, J. M., James, G. K., & Ciocca, M., "High resolution EUV emission spectroscopy of the N₂ c' ¹S_u⁺ v'=3 and 4 levels by electron impact", J. Phys. B. 31, 2437 (1998).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P C., & Helm, H., "Photoexcitation and predissociation intensities of the c' ¹S_u⁺ (v=3 and 4), c ¹P_u (v=3 and 4) and b' ¹S_u⁺ (v=10, 12, 13, and 15) states of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4621 (2000).

Ubachs, W., Velchev, I., & de Lange, A., "Predissociation in b ¹P_u, v (v=1, 4, 5, 6) levels of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5711 (2000).

III. Other Spectroscopy

Dressler, K., "The lowest valence and Rydberg states in the dipole-allowed absorption spectrum of nitrogen. A survey of their interactions", Can. J. Phys. 47, 547 (1969).

Lefebvre-Brion, H., "Theoretical study of homogeneous perturbations. II. Least-squares fitting method to obtain "deperturbed" crossing Morse curves. Application to the perturbed ¹S_u⁺ states of N₂", Can. J. Phys. 47, 541 (1969).

Carroll, P.K. & Collins, C.P., "High resolution absorption studies of the b ¹P_u - X ¹S_g⁺ system of nitrogen", Can. J. Phys. 47, 563 (1969).

Carroll, P. K. & Yoshino, K., "The c_n ¹P_u and c_n' ¹S_u⁺ Rydberg states of N₂: high resolution studies", J. Phys. B 5, 1614 (1972).

Carroll, P. K., "Band structures in N₂ Rydberg complexes", J. Chem. Phys. 58, 3597 (1973).

Yoshino, K., Tanaka, Y., Carroll, P. K., & Mitchell, P., "High Resolution Absorption Spectrum of N₂ in the Vacuum-uv Region, o_3,4 ¹P_u - X ¹S_g⁺ Bands", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 54, 87 (1975).

Yoshino, K. & Tanaka, Y., "High Resolution vuv Absorption Spectrum of N₂, Homogeneous Perturbation Between c₄'(0) ¹S_u⁺ and b'(1) ¹S_u⁺ Levels", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 66, 219 (1977).

Lofthus, A. & Krupenie, P. H., "The Spectrum of Molecular Nitrogen", J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6, 113 (1977).

Yoshino, K., Freeman, D. E., & Tanaka, Y., "High Resolution VUV Absorption Spectrum of N₂, c₄' ¹S_u⁺ - X ¹S_g⁺ Bands", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 76, 153 (1979).

Suzuki, T. & Kakimoto, M., "High-Resolution Optogalvanic Study of the c₄(0) ¹P_u, c₅'(0) ¹S_u⁺, and a"(0) ¹S_g⁺ Rydberg States of N₂", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 93, 423 (1982).

Chang, E. S. & Yoshino, K., "The nf complexes in molecular nitrogen", J. Phys. B 16, L581, (1983).

Roncin, J-Y, Launay, F., & Larzilliere, M., "Evidence for Predissociation of N₂ into N(²D) + N(²D) from New High-Resolution Vacuum-Ultraviolet Emision Bands", Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 159 (1984).

Yoshino, K. & Freeman, D. E., "High resolution vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of N₂: Perturbations in the c₅' (0) ¹S_u⁺ and c₄(0) ¹P_u Rydberg levels", Can. J. Phys. 62, 1478 (1984).

Verma, R. D. & Jois, S. S., "Absorption spectrum of the b' ¹S_u⁺ - X ¹S_g⁺ transition of the N₂ molecule excited by the flash discharge technique", J. Phys. B 17, 3229 (1984).

Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., & Yoshino, K., "New emission bands in the high resolution vacuum ultra-violet spectrum of molecular nitrogen", Planet. Space. Sci. 35, 267 (1987).

Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., & Yoshino, K., "Vacuum ultraviolet emission from highly excited states of molecular nitrogen", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 134, 390 (1989).

Huber, K. P. & Jungen, Ch., "High-resolution jet absorption study of nitrogen near 800 Å", J. Chem. Phys. 92, 850 (1990).

Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., Subtil, J.-L., & Yoshino, K., "New emission bands in the high resolution spectrum of molecular nitrogen between 107.7 and 124.2 nm", Planet. Space. Sci. 39, 1301 (1991).

Levelt, P. F. & Ubachs, W., "XUV-laser spectroscopy on the c₄' ¹S_u⁺, v = 0 and c₃ ¹P_u Rydberg states of N₂", Chem. Phys. 163, 263 (1992).

Edwards, S., Roncin, J. Y., Launay, F., & Rostas, F., "The Electronic Ground State of Molecular Nitrogen", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 162, 257 (1993).

Huber, K. P., Jungen, Ch., Yoshino, K., Ito, K., & Stark, G., "The f Rydberg series in the absorption spectrum of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 100, 7957 (1994).

Vanderkamp, A. B., Cosby, P. C., & van der Zande, W. J., "Charge-transfer production of predissociated N₂ states. 1. The n=3 Rydberg state region (12.8 - 14 eV)", Chem. Phys. 184, 319 (1994).

Whang, T. J., Zhao, G., Stwalley, W. C., & Wu, C. Y. R., "Franck-Condon factors of the b' ¹S_u⁺ - X ¹S_g⁺, c₃ ¹P_u - X ¹S_g⁺, c₄' ¹S_u⁺ - X ¹S_g⁺, c₄' ¹S_u⁺ - a ¹P_g, and o ¹P_u - X ¹S_g⁺ transitions of N₂", J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 55, 335 (1996).

Ajello, J. M. & Ciocca, M., "Fast nitrogen atoms from dissociative excitation of N₂ by electron impact", J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18953 (1996).

Buijsse, B. & van der Zande, W. J., "The predissociation mechanisms of the e ¹P_u and b' ¹S_u⁺ states of N₂", J. Chem. Phys. 107, 9447 (1997).

Kawamoto, Y., Fujitake, M., & Ohashi, N., "Near-Infrared Diode Laser Spectroscopy of the Nitrogen Molecule in Rydberg State: Analysis of the c ¹P_u - a" ¹S_g⁺, v=0-1 Band", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 185, 330 (1997).

Huber, K. P., "Solved and unsolved problems of near-threshold spectroscopy of N₂ and CO", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 355, 1527 (1997).

Roncin, J.-Y., Subtil, J.-L., & Launay, F., "The High-Resolution Vacuum Ultraviolet Emission Spectrum of Molecular Nitrogen from 82.6 to 124.2 nm: Level Energies of 10 Excited Singlet Electronic States", J. Mol. Spectrosc. 188, 128 (1998).

Roncin, J. -Y. & Launay, F., "Tables of vacuum ultraviolet emission band systems of molecular nitrogen from 82.6 to 124.2 nm", Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 128, 361 (1998).

IV. Astrophysical & Atmospheric Applications

Meier, R. R., "Ultraviolet spectroscopy and remote sensing of the upper atmosphere", Space Sci. Rev. 58, 1 (1991).

Strobel, D. F., Meier, R. R., & Strickland, D. J., "Nitrogen airglow sources: Comparison of Triton, Titan, and Earth", Gephys. Res. Lett. 18, 689 (1991).

Stevens, M. H., Meier, R. R., Conway, R. R., & Strobel, D. F., "A resolution of the N₂ Carroll-Yoshino (c₄ - X) band problem in the Earth's atmosphere ", J. Geophys. Res. 99, 417 (1994).

Kanik, I., Beegle, L. W., Ajello, J. M., & Solomon, S. C., "Electron-Impact Excitation/Emission and Photoabsorption Cross Sections Important in the Terrestrial Airglow and Auroral Analysis of Rocket and Satellite Observations", Phys. Chem. Earth 25, 573 (2000).

Stevens, M. H., "The EUV airglow of Titan: Production and loss of N₂ c₄' (0) - X", J. Geophys. Res. 106, 3685 (2001).

Feldman, P. D., Sahnow, D. J., Kruk, J. W., Murphy, E. M., & Moos, H. W., "High-resolution FUV spectroscopy of the terrestrial day airglow with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer", J. Geophys. Res. 106, 8119 (2001).